81001-524-53-R可编程逻辑控制器及有关设备应是集成的、标准的，按照易于与工业控制系统形成一个整体，易于扩充其功能的原则选型所选用可编程逻辑控制器应是在相关工业领域有投运业绩、成熟可靠的系统，可编程逻辑控制器的系统硬件、软件配置及功能应与装置规模和控制要求相适应。熟悉可编程序控制器                           

功能表图及有关的编程语言有利于缩短编程时间，因此，工程设计选型和估算时，应详细分析工艺过程的特点、控制要求，明确控制任务和范围确定所需的操作和动作，然后根据控制要求，估算输入输出点数、所需存储器容量、确定可编程逻辑控制器的功能、外部设备特性等，后选择有较0性能价格比的可编程逻辑控制器和设计相应的控制系统。 [5] 
点数估算
I/O点数估算时应考虑适当的余量，通常根据统计的输入输出点数，再增加10%～20%的可扩展余量后，作为输入输出点数估算数据。实际订货时，还需根据制造厂商可编程逻辑控制器的产品特点，对输入输出点数进行圆整。 [5] 
存储器容量
存储器容量是可编程序控制器本身能提供的硬件存储单元大小，程序容量是存储器中用户应用项目使用的存储单元的大小，因此程序容量小于存储器容量。设计阶段，由于用户应用程序还未编制，因此，程序容量在设计阶段是未知的，需在程序调试之后才知道。为了设计选型时能对程序容量有一定估算，通常采用存储器容量的估算来替代。 [5] 
存储器内存容量的估算没有固定的公式，许多文献资料中给出了不同公式，大体上都是按数字量I/O点数的10～15倍，加上模拟I/O点数的100倍，以此数为内存的总字数（16位为一个字），另外再按此数的25%考虑余量。 [5] 
控制功能选择
该选择包括运算功能、控制功能、通信功能、编程功能、诊断功能和处理速度等特性的选择。 [5] 
1、运算功能
简单可编程逻辑控制器的运算功能包括逻辑运算、计时和计数功能；普通可编程逻辑控制器的运算功能还包括数据移位、比较等运算功能；较复杂运算功能有代数运算、数据传送等；大型可编程逻辑控制器中还有模拟量的PID运算和其他0级运算功能。随着开放系统的出现，在可编程逻辑控制器中都已具有通信功能，有些产品具有与下位机的通信，有些产品具有与同位机或上位机的通信，有些产品还具有与工厂或企业网进行数据通信的功能。设计选型时应从实际应用的要求出发，合理选用所需的运算功能。大多数应用场合，只需要逻辑运算和计时计数功能，有些应用需要数据传送和比较，当用于模拟量检测和控制时，才使用代数运算，数值转换和PID运算等。要显示数据时需要译码和编码等运算。 [5] 
2、控制功能
控制功能包括PID控制运算、前馈补偿控制运算、比值控制运算等，应根据控制要求确定。可编程逻辑控制器主要用于顺序逻辑控制，因此，大多数场合常采用单回路或多回路控制器解决模拟量的控制，有时也采用的智能输入输出单元完成所需的控制功能，提0可编程逻辑控制器的处理速度和节省存储器容量。例如采用PID控制单元、0速计数器、带速度补偿的模拟单元、ASC码转换单元等。 [5]  自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医疗、服务和家庭等方面。采用自动化技术不仅可以把人从繁重的体力劳动、部分脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境中解放出来，而且能扩展人的器官功能，地提0劳动生产率，增强人类认识世界和改造世界的能力。
自动化是专门从事智能自动控制、数字化、网络化控制器及传感器的研发、生产、销售的0科技公司，其众多的功能模块、完善的嵌入式解决方案可以 地满足众多用户的个性化需求。公司的产品拥有多种系列的产品来满足客户的需求。自动化设备由振动盘搭配组成。
意义
自动化系统中的大型成套设备，又称自动化装置。是指机器或装置在无人干预的情况下按规定的程序或指令自动进行操作或控制的过程。因此，自动化是工业、农业、国防和科学技术现代化的重要条件和显著标志。
检查所有电源，气源，液压源
电源，包括每台设备的供电电源和车间的动力电，即设备所能涉及的所有电源。
气源，包括气动装置所需的气压源。
液压源，包括液压装置需要的液压泵的工作情况。
在50%的故障诊断问题中，基本上发生错误都是电源，气源和液压源的问题。比如供电出现问题，包括整个车间供电的故障，比如电源功率低，保险烧毁，电源插头接触不良等；气泵或液压泵未开启，气动三联件或二联件未开启，液压系统中的泄荷阀或某些压力阀未开启等造成的。这几种基础的问题，通常是 普遍的问题。
检查传感器位置是否出现偏移
由于设备维护人员的疏忽，可能某些传感器的位置出现差错，比如没有到位，传感器故障，灵敏度故障等。要经常检查传感器的传感位置和灵敏度，出现偏差及时调节，传感器如果坏掉，立刻更换。很多时候，如果在保证电源，气源和液压源供应无误的情况下，更多的问题就是传感器的故障。尤其是磁感应式传感器，由于使用，很可能内部搭铁相互粘住，无法分开，出现常闭信号，这也是该类型传感器的通病，只能进行更换。此外，由于设备的震动，大部分的传感器在使用后，都会出现位置松动的情况，所以在日常维护时要经常检查传感器的位置是否正确，是否固定牢固。
检查继电器，流量控制阀，压力控制阀
继电器和磁感应式传感器一样，使用也会出现搭铁粘连的情况，从而无法保证电气回路的正常，需要更换。在气动或液压系统中，节流阀开口度和压力阀的压力调节弹簧，也会随着设备的震动而出现松动或滑动的情况。这些装置与传感器一样，在设备中都是需要进行日常维护的部件。所以在日常工作中
说起AI，不少人会追溯近百年前科幻作家们的拟想或是六十四年前图灵提出的假说，但在我看来，整个人类文明史都贯穿了对机器智能的追求。例如被杨振宁先生称为“世界上0早的计算机”的算盘，直至PC普及之前都是主流的计算工具，上世纪七八十年代，许多中国家长都会送孩子去学习心算和珠算——算盘本身正是被人类赋予了规则、体现了人类智慧的工具，本质上，这与今天的PC、智能手机、平板设备可谓一脉相承。

击败了卡斯珀罗夫的IBM“深蓝”被许多人视为AI研究的里程碑。在对弈时，能想出更多后续杀招、对方可能的应手、由此带来的变化、变化后对应的棋路调整的棋手赢面显然更大，而计算机在此方面的优势不言而喻。人脑只能设想出几步、十几步棋，但机器则能模拟出所有的可能性。也就是说，即便不是“深蓝”，也迟早会有其他的计算机选手挑战人类成功，而且基于当前的信息科技发展水平，如果将国际象棋世界0的人机之争变成每年例行的赛事，那极有可能已无人能够战胜机器对手——哪怕只是一台Windows Phone。当然，计算机棋手短期内还无法攻陷源起于中国的围棋的阵地，这很让我们为老祖宗的深邃智慧感到自豪——有人估算，围棋的变化可能性超出象棋10的122次方倍。计算机下棋的方法是穷举所有的可能性，而人类则可以根据经验选择性地0减（prune）和深入。可以想象，若仅仅通过提升机器性能、存储棋谱、优化算法来作出“判断”，因为需实时处理的计算量太大，现有的0强大的计算机也还是不可能战胜人类大师。

不过，的确计算机不同于人类以往发明的任何工具。这种不同体现在，一是它不是出厂时用途便已固化的专用工具，像脚踏车、影碟机，它的能力取决于用户安装的程序。二是它可以为各种专用工具注入新的生命力，比如近来被热议的“可穿戴设备”，只是将某些计算能力植入腕带、手表、眼镜等“传统工具”，将之与手机、PC之间建立起数据关联而已。

但凡“工具”，皆包含了其人类创造者的智能、经验与巧思。广义的AI是给予制造物以契合事理的功能特性，与人类一起共同完成我们做不到和做不好的事，达到“人+机器=超级人”的效果。就像锤子、斧子是人们手臂的强化和延续，汽车、轮船和飞机是人们腿脚的强化和延续。近年来无人驾驶汽车很受关注，似乎这是一种新形态的智能机器，但无人驾驶的飞机多年以前便已发明——同样无需人来驾驭，飞机和汽车相比，能说哪个更智能呢？

过去的几十年来，计算机硬件性能的演进和软件适用领域的拓展超越了所有人的想象。若是以广义的视角来观察AI的外延，承认所有灌注了人类对世界的思考的工具都体现了某种程度的“智能”，那么可以说生活中已然随处可见智能设备。

让机器用自己的方式思考和成长

“耳聪目明”是对人的夸赞。科学家们一直在尝试让计算机能用人类的方式来了解世界，所以语音识别和计算机视觉始终是AI研究的重点——今天我们已经可以和Cortana对话、或是坐在配有360°无死角摄像头的无人汽车里感受机器驾驶员的技术。

Cortana和无人汽车是机器人的一种吗？某种意义上是的。但如果说“真正的机器人”必须既能像人那样思考，又具备类人的体貌——好吧，谁知道我们要用像人一样的机器来做什么呢？大家对于人形机器的固执迷思的背后，很可能是想找到替自己做粗重工作的帮手吧。

然而现实是已经出现了很多能帮我们做粗重工作的机器，无论是煮咖啡、烧烤还是洗碗、打扫……人们是喜欢一台四肢粗壮的机器人系着白围裙跑来跑去给我们做所有的家务，还是习惯于用各种小巧的设备来完成不同的任务？

假设人人都爱机器人，在通往产品的道路上也还是有着许多障碍。比如，从桌上的茶壶里倒杯茶而不打翻杯子或洒出茶水，这对人类小孩来说都不算挑战——孩子们不假思索就可以完成任务。但对0“聪明”的机器人而言，却要经过艰难复杂的运算。首先他要看到桌子，认出茶壶和茶杯，用适当的力度拿起茶壶（手指太粗可能还不成），举起茶壶、以刚刚好的角度对准茶杯，实施倒茶的动作，还得判断怎样才能让杯中的茶水将满不溢。就算碰巧成功了一次，下一轮换全然不同的桌子、茶壶、茶杯，还是可能会失败。

长期以来，从事AI研究的科学家，也包括那些执迷于创造出类人机器的学者，总是梦想着将人类思考、计划、执行的能力移植给机器，但是否人怎样行动，机器就应怎样行动？是否人达成目标的路径是由A到B，机器就应遵循完全一样的路径？这种研究诚然有着非同寻常的科学价值，却也会因“赋予钢铁工具以人的特征才算成功”的偏执而举步维艰。

另一条思路是跳出窠臼，站在机器的角度去模拟和延展人的思维，而不是用人的视角和习惯去限制机器。无人驾驶汽车并非只有“两只眼睛”，而是装备了多个雷达传感器、全景摄像头和激光测距仪。i-Robot清洁机器人也是，她的身材圆润扁平，一点儿也不像人，但吸尘的时候一定比两米0的机器保洁员好用。

0初，AI研究遭遇的瓶颈是，人的逻辑思考模式几乎无法复制给机器，无论是将低阶的声音、影像、气味等信号升华到认知，还是把有共性的现象抽炼成规律，都不是机器所能掌握的技能——机器学习与大数据将AI研究带入春天，0近还出现了深度学习、深度神经网络等新概念。更大规模的数据量和更少的假设、限制可以让机器用自己擅长的方式（数据存储、挖掘、分析）“思考”和成长，进而在实用化路途上走得更快更远。

人机关系：主宰与助手In terms of computing power, computers have already surpassed human brain, but this does not mean that computers are intelligent - so far, all types of computers are still only an extension of some functions of human brain (mainly memory and operation).

In the design of PLC system, the control scheme should be determined first, and the next step is the engineering design and selection of PLC. The characteristics and application requirements of the process flow are the main basis for design and selection. The programmable logic controller and related equipment shall be integrated and standard. According to the principle of easy integration with the industrial control system and easy expansion of its functions, the selected programmable logic controller shall be a mature and reliable system with operation performance in relevant industrial fields. The system hardware, software configuration and functions of the programmable logic controller shall be compatible with the device scale and control requirements. Being familiar with programmable controllers, function charts and related programming languages is conducive to shortening programming time. Therefore, when selecting and estimating engineering design, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics and control requirements of the process in detail, clarify the control tasks and scope, and determine the required operations and actions. Then, according to the control requirements, estimate the input and output points, the required memory capacity, determine the functions of the programmable logic controller, the characteristics of external equipment, etc, Then choose the programmable logic controller with high performance price ratio and design the corresponding control system. [5]

Point estimation

Appropriate margin should be considered in the estimation of i/o points. Usually, according to the statistical input and output points, an additional 10% - 20% expandable margin is added as the input and output point estimation data. When actually ordering, it is also necessary to round the input and output points according to the product characteristics of the manufacturer's PLC. [5]

Memory capacity

The memory capacity is the size of the hardware storage unit provided by the programmable controller itself. The program capacity is the size of the storage unit used by the user application items in the memory, so the program capacity is less than the memory capacity. In the design stage, because the user application program has not been prepared, the program capacity is unknown in the design stage, and it needs to be known after program debugging. In order to estimate the program capacity when designing and selecting models, it is usually replaced by the estimation of memory capacity. [5]

There is no fixed formula for estimating the memory capacity of memory. Many literature materials give different formulas, which are generally 10 ~ 15 times the number of digital i/o points, plus 100 times the number of analog i/o points. This number is the total number of words in the memory (16 bits is a word), and then 25% of this number is considered as the margin. [5]

Control function selection

The selection includes the selection of operation function, control function, communication function, programming function, diagnosis function, processing speed and other characteristics. [5]

1. Operation function

The operation functions of simple programmable logic controller include logic operation, timing and counting functions; The operation function of ordinary PLC also includes data shift, comparison and other operation functions; More complex operation functions include algebraic operation, data transmission, etc; Large programmable logic controller also has analog PID operation and other advanced operation functions. With the emergence of open systems, programmable logic controllers have communication functions. Some products have communication with the lower computer, some products have communication with the same computer or the upper computer, and some products also have the function of data communication with factories or enterprise networks. The design and type selection should be based on the requirements of practical application, and the required calculation functions should be reasonably selected. In most applications, only logic operation and timing and counting functions are required. Some applications require data transmission and comparison. When used for analog quantity detection and control, algebraic operation, numerical conversion and PID operation are used. Decoding, encoding and other operations are required to display data. [5]

2. Control function

The control functions include PID control operation, feedforward compensation control operation, ratio control operation, etc., which shall be determined according to the control requirements. Programmable logic controllers are mainly used for sequential logic control. Therefore, single loop or multi loop controllers are often used in most occasions to solve the control of analog quantities, and sometimes intelligent input and output units are used to complete the required control functions, so as to improve the processing speed of programmable logic controllers and save memory capacity. For example, PID control unit, high-speed counter, analog unit with speed compensation, ASC code conversion unit, etc. are used. [5] Automation technology is widely used in industry, agriculture, science research, transportation, commerce, medical treatment, service and family. The adoption of automation technology can not only liberate people from heavy physical labor, part of mental labor and harsh and dangerous working environment, but also expand human organ functions, improve labor productivity and enhance human ability to understand and transform the world.

Automation is a high-tech company specializing in the R & D, production and sales of intelligent automatic control, digital and networked controllers and sensors. Its numerous functional modules and perfect embedded solutions can meet the personalized needs of many users. The company's products have a variety of series of products to meet the needs of customers. The automation equipment is composed of vibrating plates.

significance

Large complete sets of equipment in the automation system, also known as automation devices. It refers to the process that the machine or device automatically operates or controls according to the specified procedures or instructions without human intervention. Therefore, automation is an important condition and significant symbol of the modernization of industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology.

Check all power, air and hydraulic sources

Power supply, including the power supply of each equipment and the power supply of the workshop, that is, all the power supplies that the equipment can involve.

Air source, including air pressure source required by pneumatic device.

Hydraulic source, including the working condition of the hydraulic pump required by the hydraulic device.

In 50% of the fault diagnosis problems, basically the errors are the problems of power supply, air supply and hydraulic source. For example, there are problems in power supply, including the power supply failure of the whole workshop, such as low power supply, burned fuse, poor contact of power plug, etc; It is caused by the failure to open the air pump or hydraulic pump, the failure to open the pneumatic triplet or duplex, and the failure to open the relief valve or some pressure valves in the hydraulic system. These basic problems are usually common problems.

Check whether the sensor position is offset

Due to the negligence of equipment maintenance personnel, there may be errors in the position of some sensors, such as not in place, sensor failure, sensitivity failure, etc. Always check the sensor position and sensitivity, and adjust it in time in case of deviation. If the sensor is broken, replace it immediately. Most of the time, if the power supply, air source and hydraulic source are guaranteed to be correct, the more problem is the sensor failure. In particular, due to the use of magnetic induction sensors, it is likely that the internal grounding will stick to each other and cannot be separated, resulting in a normally closed signal, which is also a common problem of this type of sensors and can only be replaced. In addition, due to the vibration of the equipment, most sensors will be loose after use. Therefore, during daily maintenance, it is necessary to often check whether the position of the sensor is correct and whether it is firmly fixed.

Check the relay, flow control valve and pressure control valve

Like the magnetic induction sensor, the relay will also have grounding adhesion when used, so the normal electrical circuit cannot be guaranteed and needs to be replaced. In pneumatic or hydraulic systems, the opening of throttle valve and the pressure regulating spring of pressure valve will also loosen or slide with the vibration of equipment. Like sensors, these devices are components that need routine maintenance in the equipment. So in daily work

Speaking of AI, many people will trace back to the imagination of science fiction writers nearly a century ago or the hypothesis proposed by Turing 64 years ago, but in my opinion, the pursuit of machine intelligence runs through the whole history of human civilization. For example, the abacus, which Mr. Yang Zhenning called "the world's earliest computer", was a mainstream computing tool until the popularity of PC. in the 1970s and 1980s, many Chinese parents sent their children to learn mental arithmetic and abacus - the abacus itself is a tool endowed with rules by human beings and embodies human wisdom. In essence, it can be said to come down in one continuous line with today's PCs, smartphones and tablet devices.



IBM "deep blue", which defeated kasperov, is regarded by many as a milestone in AI research. When playing chess, players who can think of more follow-up moves, the other party's possible skills, the resulting changes, and the corresponding chess path adjustment after the changes are obviously more likely to win, and the advantages of computers in this regard are self-evident. The human brain can only imagine a few or a dozen moves, but the machine can simulate all possibilities. In other words, even if it is not "deep blue", sooner or later there will be other computer players challenging human success. Moreover, based on the current level of information technology development, if the man-machine battle of the world chess champion is turned into an annual routine event, it is very likely that no one can beat the machine opponent - even if it is just a Windows Phone. Of course, computer players can't capture the position of go originated in China in a short time, which makes us proud of the profound wisdom of our ancestors - some people estimate that the change possibility of go is 122 times greater than that of chess 10. The method of computer playing chess is to enumerate all possibilities, while human beings can selectively prune and deepen according to experience. It is conceivable that if we only make "judgments" by improving machine performance, storing chess scores, and optimizing algorithms, because the amount of computation that needs to be processed in real time is too large, the most powerful computer available is still impossible to defeat human masters.



However, it is true that computers are different from any tool invented by humans in the past. This difference is reflected in: first, it is not a special tool whose purpose has been solidified at the factory, such as bicycle and DVD player. Its ability depends on the program installed by the user. Second, it can inject new vitality into various special tools, such as the recently discussed "wearable device", which just implants some computing power into "traditional tools" such as wristbands, watches, glasses, etc., and establishes a data association with mobile phones and PCs.



All "tools" contain the intelligence, experience and ingenuity of their human creators. AI in a broad sense is to give products reasonable functional characteristics, and work with humans to accomplish things we can't and can't do well, so as to achieve the effect of "human + machine = super human". Just like hammers and axes are the strengthening and continuation of people's arms, cars, ships and planes are the strengthening and continuation of people's legs and feet. In recent years, driverless cars have attracted much attention. It seems that this is a new form of intelligent machine, but driverless aircraft has been invented many years ago - it also does not need people to control it. Which is more intelligent than an automobile?



In the past few decades, the evolution of computer hardware performance and the expansion of software application field have exceeded everyone's imagination. If we observe the extension of AI from a broad perspective and recognize that all tools infused with human thinking about the world reflect a certain degree of "intelligence", then we can say that intelligent devices can be seen everywhere in life.



Let the machine think and grow in its own way



"Hearing and seeing" is a compliment to people. Scientists have been trying to make computers understand the world in a human way, so speech recognition and computer vision have always been the focus of AI research - today we can talk with Cortana, or feel the technology of machine drivers in an unmanned car equipped with a 360 ° dead angle camera.



Are Cortana and unmanned cars a kind of robot? In a sense, yes. But if a "real robot" must be able to think like a human and have a humanoid appearance - well, who knows what we want to do with a machine like a human? Behind everyone's stubborn myth about humanoid machines, it is likely that you want to find a helper to do heavy work for yourself.



However, the reality is that there have been many machines that can help us do heavy work, whether it's making coffee, barbecue, washing dishes, cleaning... Do people like a robot with thick limbs running around in a white apron to do all the housework for us, or are they used to using various small devices to complete different tasks?



Assuming that everyone loves robots, there are still many obstacles on the road to products. For example, pouring a cup of tea from the teapot on the table without overturning the cup or spilling tea is not a challenge for human children - children can complete tasks without thinking. But for the most "smart" robot, it has to go through difficult and complex calculations. First of all, he should see the table, recognize the teapot and teacup, pick up the teapot with appropriate strength (it may not be possible if his fingers are too thick), lift the teapot, aim at the teacup at a just right angle, pour tea, and judge how to make the tea in the cup not overflow. Even if you happen to succeed once, the next round of completely different tables, teapots, and cups may still fail.



For a long time, scientists engaged in AI research, including those who are obsessed with creating humanoid machines, have always dreamed of transplanting human thinking, planning and execution capabilities to machines, but whether people act, machines should act? Whether the path for people to achieve their goals is from a to B, and the machine should follow exactly the same path? It is true that this kind of research has extraordinary scientific value, but it will also be difficult because of the paranoia of "giving steel tools human characteristics to be successful".



Another idea is to jump out of the rut and stand in the perspective of machines to simulate and extend human thinking, rather than using human perspectives and habits to limit machines. Driverless cars are not just "two eyes", but are equipped with multiple radar sensors, panoramic cameras and laser rangefinders. I-robot cleaning robot is the same. Her figure is round and flat, and she is not human at all, but she must be easier to use than a two meter high machine cleaner when vacuuming.



At first, the bottleneck of AI research was that human logical thinking mode could hardly be copied to machines. Whether it was sublimating low-order signals such as sound, image and smell to cognition, or refining common phenomena into laws, it was not a skill that machines could master - machine learning and big data brought AI research into the spring. Recently, new concepts such as deep learning and deep neural networks have emerged. With a larger amount of data and fewer assumptions and restrictions, machines can "think" and grow in the way they are good at (data storage, mining, analysis), and then go faster and farther on the road of practicality.



Man machine relationship: master and assistant