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SPASI23用分析技术及特点如何选购

型号: SPASI23


SPASI23智能建筑控制系统通过实时监控、场景控制、定时控制等功能,对不同区域,按照不同时间段设定场景,满足客户节能降耗的要求。与此同时, ABB i-bus®智能建筑控制系统通过光纤传输方案,与楼宇自控系统集成,在监控中心远程控制不同区域的照明,满足了客户对公共区域各类场景的统一控制的要求, 让国贸中心塔楼0面智能升级。取指令与输出指令(LD/LDI/LDP/LDF/OUT)SPASI23用分析技术及特点如何选购 SPASI23用分析技术及特点如何选购 SPASI23用分析技术及特点如何选购 SPASI23用分析技术及特点如何选购 SPASI23用分析技术及特点如何选购 SPASI23用分析技术及特点如何选购


2016年3月,AlphaGo与职业围棋选手的对局引发了人们对于人工智能的高度关注。计算机在一个公认的非常复杂的计算与智力任务中,打败了人类的0选手,靠的是类人脑的智能吗?从系统的结构看,AlphaGo结合了深度神经网络训练与蒙特卡洛模拟[1]。广义的说,深度神经网络是类脑的计算形式,而蒙特卡洛方法则是发挥机器运算速度的优势,模拟出数量巨大的可能性用以进一步判断,这现在看来不是大脑工作的机制。所以AlphaGo 可以说是结合了类脑与非类脑的计算与智能,完美发挥其各自特长所取得的成功。除了AlphaGo 所运用的深度神经网络之外,现在研究的类脑计算和智能还有哪些方面?可能会在不久的将来带来什么样的突破呢?
     1、接口丰富,支持以太网、串口、CAN口、IO口等设备接入及以太网、2G/3G/4G0网通网络接入;
2、内嵌上百种工业协议,支持99%以上PLC及绝大多数工业设备接入;
3、8GB本地存储+SD卡支待,支持本地数据缓存及离线应用;
4、三合一串口,支持RS485/RS232/RS422三种电气接口;
5、支持边缘计算,在物联网边缘节点实现数据优化、实时响应、敏捷连接、模型分析等业务,有效分担云端计算资源 支持多台设备同时接入;
6、支持DC9~36V宽压输入,适应多种复杂工业现场;
7、支持LED灯自定义,用户可根据需要定义LED灯(如设备状态、边缘计算结果等);
8、无需客户端,支持按需连接的远程上传、下载,有效节省网络流量;
9、支持网关健康自诊断,快捷检测网关故障;
10、支持多种标准的VPN (PPTP/ L2TP/IPSec/OpenVPN) ;
11、支持网络主备模式,根据网络情况智能切换网络接入方式(支持智能网络诊断);
12、强大的云端软件中心支持,可根据实际应用场景安装对应的固件、应用等;
13、支持多种远程控制模式(无密码/有密码/禁用),同时具备物理远程控制开关,一键开关远程控制功能;
14、支持多链接井发数据采集;
15、支持4G流量详情分析及流量控制;
16、支持网关远程管理;支持网络自恢复;
17、支持基站和GPS混合定位模式及本地WEB端GPS位置呈现;
18、支持本地WEB端点表配置,支持本地组态设计和呈现;
19、工业级边缘计算网关,数据采集0大支持5000点;
20、支持数据多路转发和0三方平台接入。   一般地说,类脑计算是指借鉴大脑中进行信息处理的基本规律,在硬件实现与软件算法等多个层面,对于现有的计算体系与系统做出本质的变革,从而实现在计算能耗、计算能力与计算效率等诸多方面的大幅改进。过去几十年来通讯与计算机技术的长足发展带来了信息化革命,但现有计算系统仍然面临2个严重的发展瓶颈:一是系统能耗过高,二是对于人脑能轻松胜任的认知任务(比如语言及复杂场景的理解等)处理能力不足,难以支撑高水平的智能。大脑在这两个方面的明显优势使得借鉴大脑成了一个非常有前景的方向。类脑计算是生命科学,特别是脑科学与信息技术的高度交叉和融合,其技术内涵包括对于大脑信息处理原理的深入理解,在此基础上开发新型的处理器、算法和系统集成架构,并将其运用于新一代人工智能、大数据处理、人机交互等广泛的领域。类脑计算技术有望使人工信息处理系统以非常低的能耗,产生出可以与人脑相比拟的智能。很多人认为,这一方向的实质进展将可能真正开启智能化革命的序幕,从而对社会生产生活带来深刻地变革[2] 类脑计算的研究大致可以分为神经科学的研究、特别是大脑信息处理基本原理的研究,类脑计算器件(硬件)的研究和类脑学习与处理算法(软件)的研究3个方面。在神经科学领域,过去几十年间,特别是过去10年左右的时间,取得了非常快速的发展。现在对于大脑的工作原理已经积累了丰富的知识,这为类脑计算的发展提供了重要的生物学基础。人脑是一个由近千亿的神经元通过数百万亿的接触位点(突触)所构成的复杂网络。感觉、运动、认知等各种脑功能的实现,其物质基础都是信息在这一巨大的网络当中的有序传递与处理。通过几代神经科学家的努力,目前对于单个神经元的结构与功能已经有较多了解。但对于功能相对简单的神经元如何通过网络组织起来,形成我们现在所知的0为高效的信息处理系统,还有很多问题尚待解决。脑网络在微观水平上表现为神经突触所构成的连接,在介观水平上表现为单个神经元之间所构成的连接,在宏观水平上则表现为由脑区和亚区所构成的连接。在不同尺度的脑网络上所进行的信息处理既存在重要差别,又相互紧密联系,是一个统一的整体。目前神经科学的研究热点就主要集中于在上述各层面解析脑网络的结构,观察脑网络的活动,0终阐明脑网络的功能,即信息存储、传递与处理的机制。要实现这一目标,需要突破的关键技术是对于脑网络结构的0与快速测定,脑网络活动的大规模检测与调控,以及对于这些海量数据的高效分析,此外也亟需在实验数据的约束下,建立适当的模型和理论,形成对脑信息处理的完整认识[3]。  类脑计算器件研究的初衷是在不影响性能的前提下,大大降低功耗,或者在相似功耗下,极大提高速度。现代计算机虽然具有惊人的运算能力与运算速度,但与之相伴的是高昂的能量消耗。大型计算机的功耗往往在兆瓦量级以上,与之相比,成年人大脑的功耗只有大约20 W。巨大的能耗严重限制了系统进一步向微型化的方向发展(因为难以散热),也会使得复杂的嵌入式应用和远程应用,比如宇航探索,缺乏足够的计算能力支持(因为难以携带足够的能源)。现代计算机能耗高的一个重要原因是计算机普遍采用的冯.诺依曼架构。冯氏架构中,信息处理单元与存储单元是分离的,这样在运算过程中,势必要经常将数据在处理单元与存储单元之间进行传递,这一看似简单的过程却能贡献系统近50%的功耗。与之相比,在生物脑中,信息的处理是在神经网络中实现,而数据本身则是分布式的存储于网络的各个节点(比如由神经元内的离子浓度表征)以及节点之间的连接(比如由突触的强弱表征)上,运算和存储在结构上是高度一体化的。这样,用少量甚至单个电子器件模仿单个神经元的功能,而将数量巨大的电子“神经元”以类脑的方式形成大规模并行处理的网络,以进行计算,就成为了非常有吸引力的方向。目前研究的热点包括寻找更适合的器件以模拟单个神经元(比如忆阻器),设计非冯氏体系为基础的处理器等。近来IBM公司研发的TrueNorth芯片是这一领域的代表性进展,由于使用了非冯氏结构体系和其他一系列措施,实现了对于功耗近2个数量级的降低(图1)[4]。另外的重要进展还包括研发0用处理器,针对深度神经网络等类脑算法进行0门优化,以提高速度、降低功耗[5],由于这一领域的算法已在图像、语音识别等方面有成熟的应用,此类0用处理器有望能较早投入实际运用。
        能够大大降低能耗或是加快速度的类脑的处理器对于实现更高水平的智能无疑会有很大的帮助,但要真正实现类人水平的通用人工智能,除了需要这样的硬件基础外,关键还需要理解生物脑对于信息所做的计算,即类脑的处理及学习算法。对于此研究方向,一个常见的顾虑是:现在神经科学对于大脑工作机制的了解还远远不够,这样是否能够开展有效的类脑算法研究?对此,我们可以从现在获得广泛成功的深度神经网络获得一些启示。从神经元的连接模式到训练规则等很多方面看,深度神经网络距离真实的脑网络还有相当距离,但它在本质上借鉴了脑网络的多层结构(即“深度”一词的来源),而大脑中,特别是视觉通路的多层、分步处理结构是神经科学中早已获得的基本知识。这说明,我们并不需要完0了解了脑的工作原理之后才能研究类脑的算法。相反,真正具有启发意义的,很可能是相对基本的原则。这些原则,有的可能已经为脑科学家所知晓,而有的可能还尚待发现,而每一项基本原则的阐明及其成功的运用于人工信息处理系统,都可能带来类脑计算研究的或大或小的进步。非常重要的是,这一不断发现、转化的过程不仅能促进人工智能的进展,也会同步加深我们对于大脑为何能如此高效进行信息处理这一问题的理解[6],从而形成一个脑科学和人工智能技术相互促进的良性循环。

 
 脑中除了基本的兴奋与抑制性的神经递质外,还有众多的神经调质,他们的作用在于根据当前的环境与行为目标随时动态调节大范围神经网络的行为,使得相对固定的网络结构能够胜任复杂多变的情况,实现千差万别的任务。近年来对于介观及宏观脑网络动态活动规律的研究发现,脑网络可能自发地组织于一个“临界”状态附近,这一状态使得信息的存储、传递和处理都能实现0优化[10]。重要的是,通过对这一状态的微调,可以迅速调节网络功能,从而适应不同任务的要求。对于神经调质以及网络状态调控等原理的借鉴,有望对设计更加灵活,更有适应能力的人工信息处理系统提供有益启示。我们有可能从大脑的工作原理受到重要启发的03个例子是如何实现小样本的学习和有效推广。目前取得巨大成功的深度学习依赖于庞大的样本数量,这与大脑卓越的“举一反三”,即小样本学习的能力形成鲜明对比[11]。原理上看,这意味着生物脑的学习过程并非从零开始,而是从学习之初,就拥有并运用了重要的0验知识,这包含了物种在进化过程中学到的(生物学称之为系统发生),以及个体在生活过程中学到的有关真实世界的关键知识[12]。读取这些知识,以及借鉴如何将这些知识作为0验信息注入神经网络结构从而实现小样本学习,可能会是神经科学以及类脑算法设计中一个富于成果的领域。 除了上面举出的几个例子,神经科学可能会对类脑算法设计提供重要启示的领域还包括对于突触可塑性的进一步认识,具体的各项脑功能在神经环路水平的机制等。几乎可以说,每一项脑科学的原理性发现,都可能蕴含着一颗种子,有潜力在人工智能的领域成长为像深度神经网络一样的参天大树。Everyone who studies electronics knows that PLC is a very important device and a relatively difficult technology. It is a digital operation electronic system specially designed for application in the industrial environment. It is the basis for realizing industrial automation and Internet of things control. It has a very broad application prospect in the future.



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PLC technology originated in the United States



PLC technology originated in the United States. General Motors of the United States was the first to apply PLC. In the 1960s, when they adjusted the factory production line, they found that the relay and contactor control system was difficult to modify, large in size, noisy, inconvenient to maintain and poor in reliability. Subsequently, the American digital equipment company developed the first programmable controller, which has achieved remarkable results in the production line of general motors. Later, PLC technology was developed in Japan and Europe, and programmable controllers were successfully developed in Japan and Germany. In 1974, China also began to study programmable controllers and widely used in various fields.



PLC first replaced the mechanical switch device, and then the function of PLC gradually replaced the relay control board. Modern PLC has more functions, and its purpose extends from single process control to the control and monitoring of the whole manufacturing system.



Application of PLC technology in industrial automation, Internet of things control and other fields



At present, PLC technology is widely used in industrial automation, automotive electronics, transportation, Internet of things control and other industries. Its role in these fields can be roughly divided into four categories.



1、 For various motion control



PLC controller is a kind of digital electronic equipment with microprocessor. It is a digital logic controller used for automatic control. It can load control instructions into memory for storage and execution at any time. The programmable controller is modular composed of internal CPU, instruction and data memory, input and output unit, power module, digital analog and other units. PLC controller can be used to control circular motion or linear motion. Nowadays, almost all the main PLC controller products have motion control function. It is used in various machinery, machine tools, robots, elevators and other occasions.



In terms of control mechanism configuration, in the early days, it was directly used for switching value i/o modules to connect position sensors and actuators. Now, special motion control modules are generally used, such as single axis or multi axis position control modules that can drive stepper motors or servo motors.



2、 Realize industrial process control



As an industrial control computer, PLC controller can compile various control algorithm programs to complete closed-loop control. In industrial process control, PLC is mainly used for closed-loop control of analog parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow. All large and medium-sized PLCs have PID modules. PID regulation is a regulation method commonly used in general closed-loop control systems. At present, many small PLC controllers also have this function module.



3、 Realize relevant data processing



Modern PLC controller has the functions of mathematical operation, data transmission and conversion, and can complete data collection, analysis and processing; These data can be compared with the reference values stored in the memory to complete certain control operations, and can also be transmitted to other intelligent devices using the communication function. In large-scale control systems, such as unmanned flexible manufacturing system, PLC controller is one of the core components.



4、 PLC communication and Internet of things



As the general trend of industrial Internet of things, the relevant technologies of PLC communication and Internet of things will be popular in the future. General PLC controller communication includes communication between PLC controllers and communication between PLC controller and other intelligent devices. With the development of industrial control automation, all PLC controller manufacturers attach great importance to the communication function of PLC controller, and have launched their own network systems. New PLC controllers have communication interfaces, which is very convenient for communication.



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PLC technology has great potential in industrial control and Internet of things market



Three characteristics of future PLC Technology



1. Miniaturization and integration are getting higher and higher: with the requirements of the market for miniaturization and integration, PLC technology is more integrated into industrial, automotive, communication and other products. PLC products are characterized by control and data processing. While meeting the functions, the process requirements are more refined.



2. Intelligent PLC technology: with the development of AI technology, more products are endowed with intelligent functions, and PLC is no exception. For example, the intelligent i/o module of PLC used in industrial control and the intelligent temperature control module used in automobiles will have more application scenarios in the future.



3. Diversified PLC technologies: including PLC related programming languages and tools. With the deepening of application scenarios, one or several programming languages cannot achieve all functions, customized PLC products will increase, and PLC modular technologies will also increase.



Great potential of PLC market in China



Today, PLC technology is developing rapidly. According to statistics, there are more than 300 PLC manufacturers and more than 500 PLC products in the world. The United States, Europe and Japan are the main production places, with a market share of more than 60%. There are A-B companies, general electric and Modicon in the United States; Siemens and AEG in Germany; Te company in France; Mitsubishi, Omron and Panasonic in Japan are all famous PLC suppliers.



In recent years, with the attention of the state and enterprises, China's PLC industry has maintained rapid growth, and there have also been some influential enterprises in China, such as Delta, Huichuan, Hexin, Yiwei, Kewei and Lishi. According to relevant data, the scale of China's PLC market in 2017 was 10 billion yuan, and it is expected to maintain a growth rate of 20% in 2018. Domestic PLC products have very good cost performance and service, which has brought them a good reputation and market.


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